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The Vietnam War began as a struggle between communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam, and broadened to include the United States. It was preceded by the Indo-China War (1946-1954) between France and the Viet Minh, which ended with the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu. The Geneva Conference left North Vietnam under the rule of Ho Chi Minh, while the South was ruled first by Bao Dai and then by Ngo Dinh Diem. Elections were planned to choose a single government for all of Vietnam, but when they failed to take place, fighting was renewed. From 1961 in an attempt to stop the spread of communism, the USA increased its aid to South Vietnam and the number of its 'military advisers.' Although the US Congress never declared war officially, it passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which authorized US forces in South-East Asia to repel any armed attack and to prevent further aggression. US bombing of North Vietnam was continued, and in 1965 the USA stepped up its troop commitment substantially.
Source: Chambers Dictionary of World History. London: Chambers Harrap, 2005. s.v. "Vietnam War."
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