Images, video, and audio
The elements required to appropriately cite images, video, and audio sources vary widely.
Order of elements
Depending what you want to emphasize, you may want to list the director first, the show/song title, or the performer.
Number of containers
Some video examples may require two containers, as a film would that was streamed online via a streaming service. A DVD of a film, however, would only need one container.
Multiple publishers
If more than one publisher seems to report equal responsibility for the work, include them in the citation and separate them using a forward slash (/).
Time Stamps
For in-text citations related to audio or video sources, page numbers are swapped out with timestamps in the following format:
(Last name/or Title hours:min:sec-hours:min:sec)
The end time can be shortened to simplify the citation. For example, if you are referring to a two minute interval between 1 hour, 20 minutes, 0 seconds to 1 hour, 22 minutes, 0 seconds, the entry could be written like this:
(01:20:00-22:00)
Example available on p. 250 of the MLA Handbook.
In-text:
(Chagall)
Works Cited list:
Chagall, Marc. America windows. 1977. Art Institute Chicago, www.artic.edu/artworks/109439/america-windows. Accessed 22 June 2020.
In-text:
(Hirve)
Works Cited list:
Hirve, Néha. “Wasabi sits for a portrait.” National Public Radio, 20 Oct. 2019, www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2019/10/20/737787659/activists-occupy-an-ancient-forest-in-germany-to-save-it. Accessed 23 June 2020.
In-text:
(Klimt)
Works Cited list:
Klimt, Gustav. The Kiss. 1907. Austrian Gallery Belvedere. Belvedere, www.belvedere.at/en/museum. Accessed Oct 2020.
In-text:
(Lagerås)
Works Cited list:
Lagerås, Anders. "Friendly pumpkin." Wikimedia Commons, 31 Oct. 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friendly_pumpkin.jpg. Accessed 15 Oct. 2020.
In-text:
("15-Yr-Old Kelvin Doe" 00:07:14-10:06)
Works Cited list:
“15-Yr-Old Kelvin Doe Wows M.I.T.” YouTube, uploaded by THNKR, 16 Nov. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOLOLrUBRBY.
In-text:
(Childish Gambino 00:01:10-02:45)
Works Cited list:
Childish Gambino. “This is America.” RCA Records/Wolf + Rothstein/mcDJ Recording, 2018.
In-text:
(Anderson 00:23:45-37:17)
Works Cited list:
Anderson, Charlie. “Interview with Charlie Anderson.” 18 Jan. 2006. Middletown Digital Oral History Collections, Ball State U Libraries, dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/MidOrHis/id/501/. Accessed 23 June 2020.
In-text:
(National Public Radio 00:02:10-03:30)
Works Cited list:
“The Rich Have Stopped Spending and That’s Tanked the Economy.” Morning Edition. National Public Radio, Washington DC, 19 June 2020.
In-text:
(Schur el al.)
Works Cited list:
Schur, Michael et al., creators. The Good Place. NBC Universal Television Distribution, 2016.
In-text:
("Chapter 1" 00:40:20-47:10)
Works Cited list:
"Chapter 1: Suzie, Do You Copy?" Stranger Things, season 3, episode 1, Monkey Massacre Productions and 21 Laps Entertainment, 4 July 2019. Netflix, www.netflix.com/title/8005728.
In-text:
(Handel measures 275-93)
Works Cited list:
Handel, George F., et al. Messiah, Oxford U Press, 1998. Score.